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Harkin–Engel Protocol
(詳細はworst forms of child labor (according to the International Labor Organization's Convention 182) and forced labor (according to ILO Convention 29) in the production of cocoa, the main ingredient in chocolate. The protocol was negotiated by Senator Tom Harkin and Representative Eliot Engel in response to a documentary and multiple articles in 2000 and 2001 reporting widespread child slavery and child trafficking in the production of cocoa. The protocol was signed in September 2001. Joint Statements in 2001, 2005 and 2008 and a Joint Declaration in 2010 extended the commitment to address the problem. As of 2012, it is unclear if the protocol reduced child labor in the production of cocoa, though the cocoa industry claims five of the six articles have been addressed and the final one is being actively pursued.
==Background==
In late 2000 a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoa—the main ingredient in chocolate— in West Africa.〔Wolfe and Shazzie, p. 98〕 Other media followed by reporting widespread child slavery and child trafficking in the production of cocoa. The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking.〔Payson 2010, p. 26〕 The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as "false and excessive"〔 and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas. Later the industry acknowledged the working conditions for children were unsatisfactory and children's rights were sometimes violated〔Payson 2010, pp. 26–7〕 and acknowledged the claims could not be ignored.〔
In 2001, US Representative Eliot Engel introduced a legislative amendment to an agriculture bill. This amendment was give the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) $250,000 to develop a label to indicate no child slave labor was used in growing or harvesting cocoa; this label would be similar to the "dolphin safe" labels used for tuna. The amendment was approved in the House of Representatives vote of 291–115.〔Payson 2011, p. 13〕 The bill appeared to have similar support in the Senate.〔 The international cocoa industry strongly opposed it and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association hired former senators George Mitchell and Bob Dole to lobby against it.〔 The cocoa industry faced potential consumer boycotts and harmful legislation if the bill were to pass.〔 Mitchell and Dole encouraged the industry to make a deal,〔 and before the bill went to a vote in the Senate, the cocoa industry agreed to address the problem without legislation.〔
Senator Tom Harkin and Engel negotiated a deal with the cocoa industry to create the Harkin–Engel Protocol.〔 The protocol was signed in September 2001 with the objective to eliminate the "worst forms of child labor" and adult forced labor on cocoa farms in West Africa. It was signed and witnessed by the heads of eight major chocolate companies, Harkin, Engel, Senator Herb Kohl, the ambassador of Côte d’Ivoire, the director of the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labor, and others.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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